Overall personal crime rates continue to decrease from 2015/16. Custody Rate and Average Custodial Sentence Length (ACSL)[footnote 83]. , For both indictable and summary offences. This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. For both sexes, the 30 to 39 age range represented the highest number of those prosecuted in 2019. , See technical guide for more information on PNDs. The judges and lay people analyzed two mock court cases, including a child. Other defendants such as companies and public bodies are also excluded. In 2019/20, 7,002 prisoners completed the survey of which 694 were female. Figure 5.04: Proportion of the defendants brought to magistrates court by prosecuting authority and sex, 2019. The HMPPS Offender Equalities report 2019/20 (released on the same day as this report) also includes information on: Mother and Baby units, Sexual Orientation in the Prison Population, Accredited Programmes, Incentives and Earned Privileges and Electronic Monitoring. This can be explained by a 7% rise for females and a 4% fall for males between 2018 and 2019. It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. , Where sex is known. Violent crime was reported by a higher proportion of males (2.1%) than females (1.4%) in 2018/19. This was considerably lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14 (62% for young females and 52% for young males) and 2014/15 (62% for young females and 53% for young males). Female homicide victims were most often between 25-34 years old (17%). Personal crime is defined by the CSEW as comprising of all violence and thefts. Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) for England & Wales aims to ensure independent inspection of places of detention, report on conditions and treatment, and promote positive outcomes for those detained and the public. Figure 7.07: Proportion of males and female offenders by offending history, England and Wales, 2015 and 2019. , Bespoke analysis from the 2019-20 Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) annual report can be found in the chapter tables, published alongside this report. Here are a few examples, per the U.S. Census Bureau's 2020 study: 41.6% of custodial mothers are 40 years old or older. Highest prevalence in females was seen in those aged 20-24 (15.1%), with younger males experiencing highest prevalence in the 16-19 age group (6.5%). In 2019, male children had an ACSL of 19.1 months and female children had an ACSL of 19.0 months. For females, this was followed by strangulation, asphyxiation (17%), and, for males, hitting, kicking, etc. (18%). Prosecutions for indictable offences for females have decreased by 29% since 2015, from 48,000 to 33,800. You have accepted additional cookies. Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Characteristics national tables: Table CH1: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils and the end of key stage 4 by pupil characteristics. 5. The majority of female homicides took place in or around a house/dwelling (71%), whereas only 39% of male homicides took place here. For more detailed analysis on out of court disposals, see Chapter 4: Police Activity. , Defendants are reported against their principal (i.e. (Office of National Statistics) In 2007, 27.6% of children lived with their mother in the UK, while just 2.4% lived only with their father. , Fast Delivery PSR (oral) The Criminal Justice Act 2003 removed the requirement for all PSRs to be written. Ministry of Justice, 3rd Floor, 10 South Colonnade, London, E14 4PU, General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e-mailed to: ESD@justice.gov.uk, The structure and content of this report is continually being reviewed to reflect user requirements. , 2% of adults identified as intersex or did not disclose this information. Offenders with 1 to 14 previous cautions or convictions. separation. Key Child Custody Statistics 2023 Approximately 29% of child custody decisions are made without mediators or court hearings. Errors in our statistical systems and processes. Similarly, males were twice as likely to be subjected to violence from a stranger (1.3%) than females (0.6%)[footnote 11][footnote 12]. In 2018/19, a total of 85,900[footnote 28] adults engaged with liaison and diversion services, of which just over a fifth (21%) were females which is a higher proportion than those arrested (please see arrests section of this chapter). Previous data representing ages 16-59 are therefore incomparable to data after April 2017. This report is a compendium of information from a range of data sources from across the CJS on the representation of females (and males) among victims, suspects, defendants and offenders. Figure 3.01: Percentage of adults who were victims of personal crime, by type, year ending March 2019. Please send any comments to: datausers@justice.gov.uk. In 2019/20, sexual assault towards females within the last year were over 4 times higher than towards males. For example, prisons are either male or female institutions, with prisoners normally placed based on their legally recognised gender. In 2019, the most common sentence for this offence was a fine, received by 87% of females sentenced and 90% of males. 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to G, including English & Maths. As a consequence, care should be taken to ensure the limitations of these data are taken into account. Little is known, however, about child custody evaluators beliefs, background, knowledge about domestic violence, and other factors that may shape their recommendations1 regarding custody and parent-child visitation arrangements. It is important to note that the number of female children receiving custodial sentences was lower than males (approximately 50 females compared to 1,100 males). News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. Youth custody report for September 2016 published. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. These offences accounted for a larger proportion of female arrests, whereas drug offences and sexual offences accounted for larger proportions of male arrests. Prison population figures are from the Offender Management Statistics quarterly bulletin and are averaged across 12 months. A first time offender is an offender who has been arrested by police in England or Wales; and who has received a first conviction, caution or youth caution for any offence[footnote 87] recorded on the Police National Computer. In the 2017/18 cohort, the reoffending rate was higher for males at 30%, compared to 23% for females. Of all female offenders cautioned or convicted in 2019, 35% were first time offenders, compared to 22% for males. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. This proportion has remained stable over the last 5 years (June 2015 June 2019) despite the overall fall of 18% in the under 18 custody population. In the latest year, a higher proportion of females were issued PNDs for theft (retail under 100) compared to males, whereas males were more often issued PNDs for possession of cannabis compared to females (see Figure 4.04). , In 2018/19 Lancashire, Warwickshire and West Mercia stated that new IT systems and/or processes had led to changes in recording of detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act. Cannabis warnings and community resolutions will not be considered when looking at out of court disposals because they are not recorded by sex. The indictable offence groups with the highest proportion of females prosecuted were fraud offences (33% female) and theft offences (21% female), while the groups with the highest proportion of males prosecuted were sexual offences (98% male) and possession of weapons (93% male). , Following the Transforming Rehabilitation reforms to probation and creation and subsequent transfer of the National Probation Service (NPS) into NOMS on 1 June 2014, it is not possible to make a direct comparison to previous years for probation staff. The strategy sets out the Governments commitment to a new programme of work for female offenders, which will take some years to deliver, driven by our vision to see: The strategy aims to take an evidence-based approach to reducing crime and rehabilitating offenders. Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) Equalities report was also released on the same day as this report. The figure was higher for custodial fathers at 54.6%. , A permanent exclusion refers to a pupil who is excluded and who will not come back to that school (unless the exclusion is overturned). In 2019, offenders with 15 or more previous cautions or convictions comprised 25% of all offenders, 89% of offenders were male, compared to the 11% who were female. To meet these commitments, all of our statistical publications will: Ensure that the need for major revisions for any series are pre-announced on the Ministry of Justice website. , Figures from this paragraph are sourced from the data underpinning the Criminal Court Statistics (annual): January to March 2020 bulletin. , Caution should be taken when comparing figures for senior staff, however, because the numbers of individuals represented are small - changing a single case could have a noticeable effect. Therefore, to ensure comparability with previous years, these police forces are excluded from arrests analyses. version of this document in a more accessible format, please email, Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Safety in the Children and Young People Secure Estate: Update to June 2022. In the Crown Court, 90% of crime higher legal aid work related to male clients. The proportion issued to females has slightly decreased over the last 5 years, from 24% in 2015. Compared to male offenders, a larger proportion of female offenders were prosecuted for summary offences, which may account for this difference. Child Custody Statistics by Gender Who is most likely to be a custodial parent? , Fast Delivery PSR (written) Normally completed on day of request and must be completed within 5 days. Females had a higher cautioning rate for indictable offences (20%) and a lower rate for summary offences (4%) compared to males (14% and 9% respectively) in 2019. , A release is defined as a release from prison where the prisoner has finished serving the custodial term of their sentence and excludes unsentenced prisoners on remand. It is the Ministry of Justices responsibility to maintain compliance with the standards expected for National Statistics. Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office: Other enquiries about these statistics should be directed to the Justice Statistics Analytical Services division of the Ministry of Justice: Damon Wingfield, Responsible Statistician and Head of Criminal Justice System Statistics All court reports included in published PSR statistics relate to offenders of known sex. The number of PNDs issued has continued to decline over the last 5 years, falling from 47,400 in 2015 by 58% to 19,800 in 2019. , Out of court disposals available to the police and CPS in 2019 included: simple and conditional cautions; cannabis and khat warnings; penalty notices for disorder (PNDs); and community resolutions. In 2019, 26% of the 1.25 million defendants of known sex that had a completed case were female. Figure 6.03: Number of Self-harm individuals in prison per 1,000 prisoners by sex, 2015 to 2019. Court bail includes those remanded on bail at any stage of proceedings at magistrates or Crown Court who were never remanded in custody but who may also have been not remanded at some stage of those proceedings. Figure 8.01: The proportion of male and female offenders prosecuted for each offence group, England and Wales, 2019. In 2019, Black males were particularly over represented, accounting for 12% of all male prosecutions. Overall, of the young offenders sentenced/cautioned, a smaller proportion of young males (80%) had a record of persistent absence compared to young females (85%). Figure 4.02: Proportion of arrests within each offence group, by sex, 2019/20, Detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983)[footnote 25]. Child custody A campaign to change the law was led by Caroline Norton, whose own marriage to a violent husband had failed. Figure 8.03: Indictable offences with the highest proportion of female convictions, England and Wales, 2019. This chapter looks at the interaction between sex and other key characteristics throughout the Criminal Justice System including, ethnicity, age, offending history, and reoffending. The majority (95%) of the prison population were male. , Senior roles are as follows: CPS: Senior Legal Manager, Chief Crown Prosecutor and Senior Civil Servant; MoJ: Senior Civil Servant; HMPPS: Senior Civil Servant; Police: Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, and Chief Officers; Judiciary: High Court Judges, Heads of Division and Lord Justices of Appeal. Intimate reflects the nature of the relationship between victim and perpetrator or the nature or the abuse itself. In homicides where the principal suspect was known to the victim, 67% of cases with female victims suspected the partner/ex-partner[footnote 21], whereas when the victim was male, only 9% of cases suspected the partner/ex-partner. Well send you a link to a feedback form. In 2019, sentences for female offenders had a higher level of concordance with their pre-sentence report (excluding Other) (66%) than male offenders (59%). To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. Previously mothers had no rights at all over their children if the marriage broke down. , Data for offending history includes both indictable and summary offences - unless otherwise stated. Police have found a body in the search for the missing baby of aristocrat Constance Marten and her lover Mark Gordon - as officers 'extend heartfelt condolences to the wider family'.. Therefore, to ensure comparability across year, these forces have been excluded from the calculations for the year on year change. And while a bias against men in child custody cases has been around for decades, let's explain why this is happening from a legal perspective. In 2019, 96% of child custodial sentences were given to male children[footnote 84]. In the most recent year, females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender (also known as the frequency rate) compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. Youth custody report for April 2016 published. My wife has confessed that when she first learned I was a single dad she automatically presumed that mum had died! Youth custody report for April 2015 published. Some 18 year olds remain in the secure estate for children and young people if they only have a short period of their sentence to serve, to avoid disrupting their regimes. In general, females appear to be substantially underrepresented throughout the CJS compared with males. This was considerably lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 94] (62% for young females and 52% for young males) and 2014/15[footnote 95] (62% for young females and 53% for young males). Data are also provided on a trend basis dating back to 2000 to 2001 and 2005 to 2006 onwards for more detailed data. This aligns with the differences in the types of offence males and females were typically prosecuted for, as discussed in Chapter 8: Offence Analysis. Figure 5.01: The journey of males and females through the CJS, 2019. Over the last 5 years, the proportion of prosecutions for summary non-motoring offences has been decreasing for both male and female defendants, offset by increases in both indictable and summary motoring offences. Fraud by failing to disclose information females made up 50% of 281 convictions in 2019, down 1 pp since 2015. The custody rate for male offenders was highest for Chinese and Other at 37%. Over the last 5 years, the number of individual formally dealt with has decreased but the proportions have remained constant. Between 2015 and 2019 the median time from offence to charge increased for both females and males to varying degrees, up 10% and 33% respectively. , Source: GCSE and equivalent results: 2013 to 2014 (revised) National tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender. Male victims were comparatively younger, with equal proportions within the 16-24 and 25-34 age groups (both 22%). Further information on the methodology and cohort size can be found in the technical guide. , The conviction ratio is defined as the ratio of convictions to prosecutions for a principle offence over one year. In the most recent year, the CPS and MoJ had the highest proportions of senior staff who were female at 57% and 51%, respectively; these were the only organisations where the representation of females in senior positions was higher than that of males. The largest difference between genders in proportions of persistent absence was seen for those who were dealt with by a community penalty. This is a slight rise in median offence to completion from 2015 for females of 2% (150 days) and a larger rise of 9% for males (149 days). These figures are calculated differently from those used for the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019 bulletin, which is used as the basis for the section on plea at the Crown Court and the remainder of the Crown Court committal section they are not directly comparable to these sections. (US Census Bureau, Statista) In 2019, the custody rate for these offences was 46% for females and 72% for males. However, given the range of recording practises (see technical guide for details) throughout the CJS, it is likely that most recording includes a mixture of physiological and personal identity. There were 5.4 million custodial parents who were supposed to receive child support in 2017, 1.2 million of which (22.2%) had family incomes below the poverty threshold. The disparity in convictions for these offences may reflect the fact that females make up a slightly larger proportion of benefit claimants[footnote 118]. In 2019, 60,800 cautions were issued, 78% to males and 22% to females. Youth custody data for March 2017 published. Youth custody data for December 2015 published. , From April 2017, the upper age limit for the self-completion module was increased to ask all respondents aged 16 to 74. Females reported that it was harder for family and friend to visit them in prison (this may be due to there being fewer female prisons so the average distance from home is greater). This is particularly true in relation to the most serious offence types and sentences, though patterns by sex vary between individual offences. More females experienced two types of abuse (18.3%) than males (13.5%), often including domestic stalking. In the same year, 51.7% of adults perceived the Criminal Justice System as effective; this did not significantly differ between sexes. The report includes demographic and income data about custodial parents, and details child support income for custodial parents living below the poverty level. In this section, all analysis looks at those in the matched offender cohort who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) and/or had Special Education Needs (SEN), at any point during KS4. These reports may include a full risk assessment of the offender. In the year ending March 2020 (referred to as 2019/20 throughout), the proportion of adults who were victim of a CSEW crime (excluding fraud and computer misuse) was 13.3%, down from 14.9% the year before, with no significant difference between men and women. , Other demographic data, such as age and ethnicity, are available in the Crime in England and Wales Annual Trend and Demographic Tables. Conveyance of drugs or weapons into or out of prison females made up 53% of 324 convictions in 2019, up 8 pp since 2015. Youth custody report for February 2015 published. In 2019, 50% of female offenders who were sentenced to custody received sentences of up to and including 3 months, compared to 31% of males and these proportions have been decreasing for both female and male offenders over the last 5 years. Of the 34,300 defendants convicted for shoplifting, 9,600 (28%) were female. Ethnic minority groups accounted for a higher proportion of prosecutions against males compared to females. Figure 7.04: Age distribution of male and female defendants, England and Wales, 2019. Benefit fraud females made up 58% of the 1160 convictions for indictable benefit fraud offences up 2 pp from 2015. A fixed period exclusion can involve a part of the school day and it does not have to be for a continuous period. As with personal crime, a greater proportion of males were victims, than females (3.6% and 1.4%, respectively). Secure Childrens Homes and Secure Training Centres are for males (those who are younger or have more complex needs) and females aged 10-17. Males were significantly more likely to fall victim to violence and robbery compared to females, with a significant increase in male robbery victims since 2017/18. As discussed in Chapter 5: Defendants, in 2019, 26% of individuals[footnote 113] prosecuted in England and Wales were female[footnote 114]. , In this chapter, children refers to those aged 10 to 15 unless stated otherwise. Time Method View help for Time Method A gender bias argument should not be used by a divorced father unless he has personal experience and can back up that experience with proof. Similar proportions are seen in convictions. The following section discusses child offenders at different stages of the Criminal Justice System. There is no published data available on Fixed Penalty Notices by sex. An oral report is usually completed within 24 hours of conviction where a limited amount of information is required by the sentencing court. In 2019/20, 2.6% of all children were victims of violent crime. In 2019, over half (55%) of the prosecutions for female defendants were for summary non-motoring offences, compared to under a third (29%) of male defendants. Youth custody data - October data published. It considers how these experiences have changed over time and how they contrast to the typical experiences of males. Data is not available for Community Rehabilitation Companies. in the year ending March 2019, 27.8% of people in youth custody were Black - more than double the percentage in the year ending March 2006 (12.5%) White people made up around half (50.6%) of young people in . , Department of Work and Pensions benefits statistics. Among children aged 6 and under, only 18 percent were in the sole custody of their fathers or in joint custody. Just over a quarter (26%) of all prosecutions were for female defendants in 2019, which has remained stable over the last 5 years. The proportion of ineffective and cracked trials was higher for females (20% and 37%) than males (16% and 33%) in 2019. In 2019/20, 3.9% of males were victim to personal. Youth custody report for February 2016 published. In 2019, females made up 17% of offenders issued community orders and 14% of suspended sentence orders (with requirements). A contributing factor is the greater availability of females when an enforcement officer visits the home[footnote 116]. This section looks at offenders starting supervision as a result of a court order, including those starting supervision as a result of a community order or a suspended sentence order[footnote 68]. Receipt of subsequent information which alters our understanding of previous periods (for example late recording on one of the administrative IT systems used operationally). Youth custody statistics for September 2013 published. These proportions have remained constant over the last 5 years. Other defendants such as companies and public bodies are also excluded. , The data in this section relates to persons remanded in each completed court case rather than to the number of remand decisions (a person may be remanded several times during a case). Figure 7.10: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 with Special Educational Needs without a statement, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.3). A higher proportion of females also reported having a child under 18. Senior police officers increased their female representation to 27% in 2020, from 23% five years ago. Over the last 5 years at Crown Court, there was a steady increase in the proportion of both male and female defendants who were not remanded, with a gradual increase of the proportion remanded in custody, offset by a decrease in the proportion of those bailed. , Offenders whose sex was unknown were excluded from all analyses in this section, which might lead to very small inconsistencies with other published statistics on offenders. , PSRs provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. Please refer to the accompanying technical guide for further details. The median offence to completion for all individual offence groups is higher for females than males except for violence against the person and theft offences. Youth custody data for June 2017 published. Youth custody data for December 2016 published. As at 30 June 2019, 13% of the sentenced male prison population were serving indeterminate sentences compared to 11% of the female population. This differs between functions within HMPPS, with the Prison Service (including Youth Custody Service) representing a lower proportion of females than the HMPPS as a whole, rising from 37% to 39%. You can change your cookie settings at any time. The study relied solely on electronically available published opinions in child custody cases (n = 4,338). Higher proportions of females in contact with liaison and diversion services were suspected as having issues with alcohol misuse, had financial needs and were abuse victims. As with adults, the most common offence group was violence against the person, for which 37% of female young people were being dealt with when referred to liaison and diversion services compared to 19% of male young people.
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