The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. 0 0 Similar questions In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? that the material was genuinely picky. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. He subdued several enemies. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. "useRatesEcommerce": false The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. An unpopular king, he was killed. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. . He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Nothing is known about his origin. Jizya was abolished too in his command. Her son was Chippatajayapida. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. After ruling indirectly and directly. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Omissions? Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. 23 February 2011. Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. . [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Sample translated sentence: Heill on sen thden puhdas asema Jehovan edess. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. No examples found, consider adding one please. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. Sanskrit [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. Son of Aksha. Kalhana was a poet. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. for this article. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. 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He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. ). He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. [citation needed]. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. Report Error Established the city of. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). The Journal of Asian Studies Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. You can try more lenient search to get some results. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. Hence the correct answer is Option B. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Answer. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. In 1380 C.E. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Answer. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Son of Hiranyakula. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. epic poem In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant.