Key to plaster is provided by hacking and applying cement slurry just before rendering Shrinkage cracks affect the appearance and finish and not the structural stability. It is mainly the external walls especially thin walls exposed to direct solar radiation and the roof which are subject to substantial thermal variation that are liable to cracking. CRACKS IN BUILDINGS:CAUSES & REMEDIES Presented By: Er. Such investigations reveal the kind of soil, direction of the wind etc. Cracks in Buildings. 24 0 obj The flexible sealant can be used for cracks that are appeared on the non-structural members. Repair methods of such cracks in masonry buildings is discussed. <> <> The main causes of cracks in houses are as follows: Most building materials such as concrete, bricks, mortar, stones, wood, etc. There is a design for residential buildings and another for industrial buildings. Please enter your email address. 6. 18 0 obj It develops when the stress in a component exceeds the strength. In reality, if you ask this question to a professional even he might find it difficult to answer instantly. Normally all materials that crack are weak in tension and shear, such as masonry, concrete, plaster etc. Three Dimensional Static and Dynamic Analysis and Design of Buildings - Etabs. In balconies, the supporting beam itself may be inverted. overview of energy efficiency in, High Performance Buildings and the Advanced Buildings Benchmark Design Guide - . Fig.2: Cracks in Masonry Walls of Multi-Storey Building at Higher Floors. Use rich mortar in brick masonry for parapet. They must be repaired to maintain the buildings structure and to prevent any Defer the construction of brick parapet as much as possible to allow shrinkage of supporting slab. Creep causes deformation in building. K4l}{?,MZ(d3i"I,J]UC$nA&?@^`m@FR>c`} One of the main reason behind this is the differential movement of the columns and the masonry because of temperature variation. Also Read: Precast Concrete Vs Site cast Concrete. Most of the cracks occur as a result of the shrinkage of. They may represent critical structural distress, lack of durability, or they might influence appearance only. By studying the distribution of a crack and its pattern, one can determine which of the type of cracks the building has. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. When the water used is too much, it causes the concrete to shrink. Filed Under: Study Guide Tagged With: building cracks repair, cracks in building wikipedia, cracks in buildings causes and prevention, cracks in buildings ppt, introduction of cracks in building, remedies for cracks in buildings, types of cracks in building walls, types of cracks in buildings, Why do buildings have cracks | Remedies For Cracks In Building, Hello world; I am ThankGod AKA Owoblow. Thermal movement Thermal movement is one of the most potent causes of cracking in buildings. It is more effective if smaller dia bars- closely spaced are used Cracks in masonry can be minimized by using rich mortar and delaying plaster work till masonry has dried after curing. endobj However the following are recommended: Construct RCC parapet instead of brick. Sometimes cracks appear on freshly laid concrete even before it sets. Cracks can occur due to various reasons chemical reactions in construction materials, foundation movements and settling of buildings, changes in temperature and climate, environmental stresses like the nearby movement of trains, earthquakes etc. The precaution that can be suggested is to provide a bearing plaster over the brick wall, which helps in having a smooth contact with the floor over it. <>/ExtGState<>>>/Filter/FlateDecode/Length 147/LastModified(D:20170506183304+05'30')/Group<>/PieceInfo<>>>>>stream Shrinkage cracks in buildings wall can be reduced by using less rich cement mortar in the masonry and by suspending application of plaster on the brickwork surface, basically when the masonry has experienced most of its early shrinkage and has dried well after proper curing. Sorry, you do not have permission to ask a question, You must log in to ask a question. The ideal temperature range for concreting is 10oC to 30oC. Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. Architects, Structural Consultants and Specifiers shall consider the following measure to avoid cracking and subsequent deterioration of structures: A structure needs to be maintained after a lapse of certain period from its construction completion. <> Essentially, it dictates the capacity of concrete to survive weathering action, chemical attack, or any other process of deterioration. Required fields are marked *. defect occurs to either the new building or the old ones. Inadequate and improper proportioning of mix constituents of concrete, mortar etc. It is best to consult a professional before thinking of any building alterations. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. They endanger the safety of the building. Shrinkage can be of plastic or dry. Such bricks should be sorted out and removed from the stack. All Rights Reserved. Like leaking roofing materials, may damage the ceilings and cause the walls of a building to get wet. Before repairing a foundation crack it is important to diagnose the cause of the crack and its effects on the building structure. This can be reduced by providing a weather proof course. Viii Next slide shows how a small return wall cracks due to expansion. Due to the restraint shown by the concrete below the drying surface concrete layer the tensile stresses are . The SlideShare family just got bigger. These bricks are used for non-load bearing partition walls or infill masonry. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. For example, expansion joints, construction joints, control joints, and slip joints. if mortar is plastered with Cement:lime:sand (1: 1: 6, 1: 1: 9) which is reduces the shrinkage cracks in concrete. Structural defects in a building can occur over time due to deterioration, wear and tear, overloading, In plaster over masonry the cracks could be controlled by providing good bonding with the wall. E@ m Engineering. Every building has its structural design. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. The provision of chicken wire alternatively at the plaster between the junction of columns and masonry can also help in this variation. The cracks in the concrete wall would cause the leakage of the building; it reduces the stiffness, durability and seismic performance of buildings. These are properly done by toothing. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Therefore, low permeability is a key factor to concrete durability. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Beam may be kept 150 wide to give sleek look. <>>>>> Thats the much we can take on the topic Why do buildings have cracks | Remedies For Cracks In Building. 16 0 obj It may be involve excessive use of water, inadequate quantity of cement, use of un-graded aggregates, improper curing, and excessive fine materials. This shrinkage is partially irretrievable. The higher the cement content in the mix, the higher the shrinkage. These movements are cyclic in nature and are caused by increase or decrease in inter pore pressure with moisture changes. It. Using excessive fine aggregates such as silt, clay, dust, etc. But again, the scale of movement depends on their molecular structure and other properties. However external walls and roof slab, undergo severe expansion and thus liable for cracking. Create stunning presentation online in just 3 steps. An upward camber should be provided to reduce deflection in the beam or slab. Abstract. This ensures the building structure is intact and it also adds to its lifespan. For rehabilitation of cracks it is important to . Apply bonding chemical and hack the concrete surface before laying the bricks. New treatment methods and compounds are available as weather course, that is applied over the terrace. by providing grooves of 8-10mm in both directions. discussed in the following section which consists of wall crack, peeling paint, dampness, timber decay, Problems encountered due to those errors include cracking due to insufficient reinforcement, excessive differential movement due to improper foundation design, increased concentration of stresses as a result of poorly design re-entrant etc.. Causes & Remedies of Plaster Stress Cracks in Historic Buildings . Building difficulty and defect that are regularly found will be If proper curing is started immediately after initial set and continued for at least 10 days, drying shrinkage is much less. what are we talking about?. There are usually two types of structural designs. When mistakes are made regarding the strength, or expected weight it can carry, cracks may result. However, if you are among those that have been searching for answers to [cracks in buildings causes and prevention, cracks in buildings ppt, cracks in building wikipedia, remedies for cracks in buildings,types of cracks in buildings, types of cracks in building walls, building cracks repair, introduction of cracks in building, Why do buildings have cracks | Remedies For Cracks In Building], then you can see that you are not the only one. These defects can be Principles Causes of Cracks and Remedial Measures: 6. Engineering Encyclopedia, structural defect can be categorized as cracks in foundations (Substructure), 1. Non seasoned timber should not be used. <>/ExtGState<>>>/Filter/FlateDecode/Length 132/LastModified(D:20170506183304+05'30')/Group<>/PieceInfo<>>>>>stream 9 0 obj It can generate extreme stress and lead to the development of cracks. In such circumstances, concrete should be covered with plastic sheet immediately after concreting and flood cured after initial set has occurred. However, it decreases with increase in humidity of surrounding atmosphere and age of material at the time of loading. Improper bonding between the cross wall and the main wall creates cracks between the joints. On the other hand, the shrinkage decreases as the size of the aggregate increases in the mix. Stress is caused by either externally applied or. Masonry, concrete or mortar are Strong in compression But weak in tension or shear. Internal walls do not suffer thermal movement appreciably. When RCC and masonry are to be plastered together, RCC and masonry should be allowed to dry for one month. Knowing the causes of cracks in buildings will help you ask some critical questions, before taking up any repair work. The causes are: 1. When this investigation is not done, cracks may appear. A building component develops cracks whenever stress in the component exceeds its strength. x=67Qr J8cOq$3VRv\p@IT*m_6;f.?_?w~|}g\l);/*{~|^<=KBb"2/w1ovnq_b} BfTnZ75vs5Nj-{_/],OjW~O:jtdc[zo/^?MTmukF6mudYZdnz00aqrUZ4@ |1*.hGRyrRu. Internal stresses could be compressive, tensile or shear. 27 0 obj These cracks mainly appear after 2 to 3 years of construction. Planning proper reinforcement layout and detailing the same in slender structures to facilitate proper placing of concrete without segregation. When excessive cement is used in a mortar mix it tends to crack. Remove cracked panel or material If there are many cracks in the floor, remove cracked panels and old materials. Gradual and slow time dependent deformation of concrete structure under sustained loads is known as creep. Thermal movement is one of the most potent causes of cracking in buildings. A) STRUCTURAL DEFECT The designer needs to consider all the environmental aspects which include soil investigations, this will enable the designer to come up with a proper robust design of the foundation. The relative humidity is high in coastal areas causing reduce shrinkage. and Mgmt., VNIT Nagpur, Building Failures and its Causes- Theory of structures, Building cracks causes & remedies byAmit Payal, DIFFERENT TYPE OF CRACKS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURE ON CRACKS, University of science and technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, Study on Causes of Cracks & its Preventive Measures in Concrete Structures, Classification of cracks rev 00 by hsaung hnin phyu [autosaved], Unit 4 maintenance & repair methods for masonry mrs, Chamberlain College Steadily Increasing Prescription Drug Costs Response.docx, Chamberlain College Madonna with The Long Neck Painting Analysis.docx, Copyright issues English homework help.docx, Chamberlain College Demographic and Epidemiological Assessment Discussion.docx, Coordinated School Health nursing assignment tutor.docx, Chamberlain College Randomized Control Trial Cohort Study Analysis Paper.docx. Follow me on Instagram & Twitter @ mc_owoblow & mc_owoblow, Your email address will not be published. The masonry should be plastered after curing for a sufficient time. The thermal movement in a component depends on a number of factors such as temperature variations, dimensions, coefficient of thermal expansion and some other physical properties of materials. These movements are reversible and cyclic in nature. Providing drains and flagging concrete help in avoiding rainwater away from the plinth. Improper structural design and specifications, Provide compression reinforcement if possible. Added to that, admixtures and pozzolans will increase creep. Structural cracks may arise due to. Proper specification for concrete materials and concrete. R. Pathak, D. Rastogi. Improper construction joints between subsequent concrete pours or between concrete framework and masonry. 4 0 obj Due to that cracks occur in the concrete. e.g. Foundation movement and settlement of soil. Vertical cracks normally occur in walls due to horizontal movement and due to restraint provided by the foundation. structure. its building that has so many machines cannot have the same strength with that with just a family on it. The foundation is planned to lay or hard soil, Gradual raising of foundation and wall has to be made, for letting the. It could eventually leads to buildings collapsing. Measures to be followed for already appeared cracks are: The unequal settlement of foundation due to the variation of bearing capacity at different points of the building result in the formation of cracks in the building. Though cracks in cement mortar cannot be prevented entirely but they can be controlled by using adequate material and technique of construction and lastly, a closed follow up of the crack. But are cracks a serious issue? Select a countryland IslandsAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelauBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBonaire, Saint Eustatius and SabaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Virgin IslandsBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) IslandsColombiaComorosCongo (Brazzaville)Congo (Kinshasa)Cook IslandsCosta RicaCroatiaCubaCuraaoCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaFrench Southern TerritoriesGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuatemalaGuernseyGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIsle of ManIsraelItalyIvory CoastJamaicaJapanJerseyJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacao S.A.R., ChinaMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalQatarRepublic of IrelandReunionRomaniaRussiaRwandaSo Tom and PrncipeSaint BarthlemySaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Martin (Dutch part)Saint Martin (French part)Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSan MarinoSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth Georgia/Sandwich IslandsSouth KoreaSouth SudanSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTurks and Caicos IslandsTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Kingdom (UK)United States (US)UruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVaticanVenezuelaVietnamWallis and FutunaWestern SaharaWestern SamoaYemenZambiaZimbabwe, By registering, you agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy .*. Additionally, it is of crucial that the designer consider the environmental conditions existing around the building site. When two or more residential houses of more than 20 m length are constructed in a row. Santosh Kumar IES (Former Sr. Well, we havent discussed any tips or remedies to avoid cracks because there are many technical reasons involved in it. endstream This movement is reversible. Materials having large moisture movement, e.g. Furthermore, Spalled concrete will lose its strength and stiffness. A constant load coming on building materials such as concrete, brick masonry, wood, etc., causes elastic deformation and long-term slow deformation in a building. prediction of weld metal, Threats & Remedies in Aquatic Ecosystems - . Small micro cracks formed he propagated with the increase in expansion or contraction. Building further failures. External forces Dead load, live load, wind load, seismic load, settlement of foundation. Cement Grouting for Cracks in Concrete and Masonry, Repair / Protection Guide for Masonry and Concrete Structures, Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry in Wall Construction, Defects in Brick Masonry due to Poor Workmanships and its Remedies, Methods of Testing Compressive Strength of Masonry, Prestressed Masonry -Advantages, Applications & Methods of Prestressing. Prepare the surface and lay new panel Clean the panel by washing and brushing. The centering of the cantilever slab or beam should be removed as late as possible and the, Everything should be completed before starting masonry in the. The permeability of cement mixture is a function of water-cement ratio given great quality materials, suitable proportioning and good construction practice. bricks, concrete etc. Thermal changes are one of the strongest causes of cracks in buildings and demand attention. intro to ip prof merges 2.2.12. defenses. However, various defects are more common in an old Lost your password? In external walls shrinkage cracks generally run downwards from window sill to the lintel of the lower storey. The principal causes of cracks in a building are as follows: As deterioration process in concrete begins with penetration of various aggressive agents. It develops when the stress in a component exceeds the strength. When the cement based product dries, the absorbed water is first removed, thus reducing the size and shrinking of concrete. Vii Cyclic changes are very prominent in porous bricks. Cracks are observed below the load bearing walls, mainly those that supports R.C.C slabs. The initial shrinkage in cement concrete or mortar depends on the following factors. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Cracks can be divided into two main groups. The deterioration process in concrete starts with the penetration of several aggressive agents and is a major cause of cracks on walls. Presented By: Er. inequitable conduct patent exhaustion. Stress cracks in plaster, while common in older structures, can be just as prevalent in modern plaster applications. rendering, insect or termite attack, roof defect, and also unstable foundation, and services. Most of these problems arise due to improper construction method and carelessness during initial construction. Bricks used in superstructures should not have more than 3% soluble salts per annum. Defects and deterioration are Non structural cracks do not endanger the safety of building, but they create an impression of faulty work or instability. We have compiled some of the leading causes of stress cracks visible on the . Irreversible shrinkage normally occurs in all building materials that are cement based. x3T0 BC0PXY_ZRP Tj^Tgh`ic {(+r - This suggests us to have proper and quality bonding between the two walls. It is causes cracks in a building and sometimes it is also responsible for the failure of the foundation. Shrinkage cracks in buildings wall can be reduced by using less rich cement mortar in the masonry and by suspending application of plaster on the brickwork surface, basically when the masonry has experienced most of its early shrinkage and has dried well after proper curing. Department of Civil Engineering organised a Technical Talk on Cracks in Buildings - Causes, Prevention and Remedies on 1st March 2023. Your email address will not be published. The main chemical processes are as follows: When the bearing capacity of soil is varying for different parts of building or soil bearing capacity is less than the load coming from the foundation. There are primarily two types of cracks; the structural cracks and the non structural cracks. Painting the walls of a building can help make it able to resist some chemical attacks and work against moisture. Incorrect design. To find out the environmental conditions, investigations are taken. Structural cracks. PgVJ} p @$8[sCB^p+}aw%[%WH%Vs5 Effects of weather and wear and tear can also cause cracks in a building. the first, AWS Welding Handbook - Pseudobinary phase diagram @ 70% iron. The flexible sealant can be used for cracks that are appeared on the non-structural members. endobj Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. Do You Know: What is Monolithic Construction Technology. Types of Foundation for Buildings and their Uses [PDF], Compressive Strength of Concrete -Cube Test [PDF], Procedure, Results, 16 Types of Heavy Equipment Used in Construction, Calculate Quantities of Materials for Concrete -Cement, Sand, Aggregates, Methods of Rainwater Harvesting [PDF]: Components, Transportation, and Storage, How to Maintain a Brick Chimney for Maximum Efficiency, A Shining Future: The Benefits of Solar Energy, What You Should Know Before Installing Mud Flooring, All the Basics on Concrete Anchors: Functions, Installation, and Types. The exposure of roof slab to higher temperature variation cause cracks numerously. Foundation Movement and Settlement of Soil 7. These epoxy gain high strength and adhesion. Proper quality and thickness of concrete cover around the reinforcement steel. Most of the buildings develop cracks at some point in time during their lifetime, following are the top 12 reasons that cause them: Building materials like brickwork, concrete, etc. Inadequate control on various steps of concrete production such as batching, mixing, transporting, placing, finishing and curing. are stressed. Professional Construction Management and its Benefits for Construction Projects. endobj Cement vs. 2. The first three are allied to the concrete strength as well. aws welding handbook. Lost your password? While minor cracks in walls of your home are a part of the happiness of living, it is extremely important to contact your builder/contractor right away if you become concerned that a serious issue may be developing. Thin cracks : Less than 1.00 mm wide Medium cracks : 1 to 2 mm wide. There are various causes for various types of cracks in masonry buildings such as in walls, foundations, slabs, columns. Protect the surface and edges of plywood/ vaneer/ blockboard etc with hydrophobic colourless chemical. Creep increases with increase in water and cement content, water cement ratio and temperature. Materials tend to expand when exposed to sunlight and contract in cooler environment. No concreting should be done at temperatures beyond 10oC to 30oC range. <>/StructTreeRoot 3 0 R/Pages 4 0 R/MarkInfo<>/Lang(en-US)/Type/Catalog/OCProperties<><><>]/ON[5 0 R 6 0 R]>>>>/ViewerPreferences<>/Metadata 1 0 R>> pi&Y+ older buildings, or building out of warranty period, may not comply with these standards but must be <> One of the best ways to avoid unnecessary panic is by identifying the defects early on and carry out timely repair and maintenance works to keep the building in sound structural condition. 5 0 obj research use inequitable conduct patent, Safety & Security in High-Performance Buildings Scott Sklar The Stella Group, Ltd. - Luncheon briefing, remedies - . In any case Ill be subscribing to your feed and I hope you write again very soon! It is crucial to always take good care of your house, and this can be done by doing regular maintenance works. by john bradley & dr david johnston licensed under the creative, Patent Defenses and Remedies - . Coarse well graded sand should be used for plaster. Inadequate quality control and supervision causing large voids (honey combs) and cracks resulting in leakages and ultimately causing faster deterioration of concrete. When you join you get additional benefits. Shear cracks occur due to any of the following causes. It also destroys the wall integrity by affecting the structural safety . Vegetation. 21 0 obj endobj Investigation into the causes, effects and prevention of crack in building, cracks this is a kind of defects that occur into building structure which rendered building unsightly and reduces building stabilities. Good quality cement mortar (1:3) should be used to produce definite pattern and perfect bond in the building 5. quality levels of requirement of the users. Environmental changes affects the appearance of a building. Also Read: What is Urban Heat Island Effect. Such signs should not be ignored, since it can eventually lead to the building collapsing, no one would want to throw some hard earned money away. Due to that the porosity of the concrete decreases and the shrinkage decreases. There are so many reasons why a building may have cracks, from natural causes to mistakes. This has become necessary as a result of the very many emails and searches we have been receiving from several of our sites visitors concerning Why do buildings have cracks | Remedies For Cracks In Building. What must be the maximum dry density of Granular Sub Base & Wet Mix Macadam used What is the Safe Bearing Capacity values for Different Soils? Cracks may be just skin deep or may extend into the body of the material. However, General measures for prevention of thermal cracks include. 1. so pls what causes that crack. The epoxy has the ability to fill even small and thin cracks, say as fine as 0.1mm. Elastic deformation iv. endobj It is done by drilling holes on both sides of the crack, cleaning the holes and anchoring the legs of the staples in the holes with a non-shrink grout. The existence of any form of vegetation can be a reason of cracks in the walls of a building. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. They also spoil the external finish of the building due to penetration of moisture, thus increasing the cost of maintenance. Select a countryland IslandsAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelauBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBonaire, Saint Eustatius and SabaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Virgin IslandsBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) IslandsColombiaComorosCongo (Brazzaville)Congo (Kinshasa)Cook IslandsCosta RicaCroatiaCubaCuraaoCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaFrench Southern TerritoriesGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuatemalaGuernseyGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIsle of ManIsraelItalyIvory CoastJamaicaJapanJerseyJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacao S.A.R., ChinaMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalQatarRepublic of IrelandReunionRomaniaRussiaRwandaSo Tom and PrncipeSaint BarthlemySaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Martin (Dutch part)Saint Martin (French part)Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSan MarinoSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth Georgia/Sandwich IslandsSouth KoreaSouth SudanSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTurks and Caicos IslandsTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Kingdom (UK)United States (US)UruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVaticanVenezuelaVietnamWallis and FutunaWestern SaharaWestern SamoaYemenZambiaZimbabwe, By registering, you agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy .*.
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